Definition of Criminal Law
Criminal law is the body of law that provides a set of legal rules defined by the state to regulate the conduct of persons, public and private entities to ensure public welfare and safety. This encompasses of rules and regulations proscribing certain wrongful acts that might be a threat or harm to the life, property, health, safety and moral well-being of the state and its people. This is a broad branch of law that refers to the legislative enactments and rules that define certain acts and conducts as crimes and enables imprisonment, fines and other types of penalties for those violating the law. Though all criminal acts are considered to be harmful to the public, the acts that fall under the crimes may vary from country to country, based on what those governments think would threaten their public welfare and safety. To explore this concept, criminal law can be broadly defined as,
“A body of rules and statutes that define conducts prohibited by the government because it threatens and harms public safety and welfare and that establishes punishments to be imposed for the commission of such acts.”
Parties of Criminal law
The two major parties involved in a criminal law would be the state and the accused. The prosecution acts on behalf of the state and prosecutes the wrongdoer or the accused to bring justice for the victim if the crime is established successfully. The prosecution can be considered as the representing agent of the society and the state. It is the duty of the prosecution to prove the crime beyond a reasonable doubt and that the defendant is guilty of the crime charged; the defendant will be presumed to be innocent until proven guilty in the court of law. On the other hand, the accused, also known as the defendant, has to put forward his/her defense against the charges made by the prosecution. If the prosecution fails to prove misconducts the crime beyond reasonable doubt, then the accused will be found not guilty and will be eventually acquitted.
What is a Crime
A crime can be an act or omission violating the public law. As mentioned earlier, the definition of crimes can vary from state to state. Unless a particular act considered to be a crime has been mentioned in the statutes of the country or by common law, such an act cannot be prosecuted in the courts as a criminal offense.
Types of Crime
Crimes can be categorized as follows,
1. Property Crimes and Violent Crimes
This is considered to be the most basic form of classification, based on to what the crime is focused on i.e. either property or persons.
Property Crimes
The act or conduct of either harming, damaging, destroying, theft, embezzlement, trespassing or vandalizing of any movable or immovable property belonging to another person are considered as criminal offenses relating to property.
Violent Crimes
The act or intent to harm, attempt to harm or even conspiring to harm one or more persons is generally classified as violent crimes. Violent crimes usually consist of a heinous crime such as rape, murder, homicide, etc., which involve force or threat of force.
2. Misdemeanor and Felony
Another classification of crimes can be made based on the severity of the act or conduct and the type of punishment one can receive.
Misdemeanor
These are crimes that are not considered as serious crimes. These are misconducts for which the punishments are usually less than one year of imprisonment. Some of the lesser severe offenses can be traffic offenses, parking trespasses, etc.
Felony
The acts or conduct that fall under this category is considered as the serious forms of crimes. These crimes may involve punishments by death or imprisonment for more than one year. Crimes such as murder, rape, kidnapping are some commonly known as felonies against a state. It is important to understand that not only the person who committed the crime would be charged with a felony, but anybody who had aided or abetted the crime before or after it was convicted are also considered to be criminal offenders.
3. Crime of Omission
As discussed earlier, crimes can be either an acted conducted or omissions. Evidently, the law either prohibits a person from indulging in a certain act/conduct or it requires to act in certain circumstances. At most cases, the law refers such inaction as a “moral duty.” For instance, withholding medication from someone who needs medical care can be considered a crime. 
Elements of a Criminal Act
Actus reus/ The act of crime
This can be described as the physical conduct of the crime; in simpler terms, the unlawful bodily movement. Here, the law prohibits a certain act which might bring about some undesirable consequences to the victim or the affected party. However, in criminal law Actus reus is the conduct of a crime, whether it has achieved the expected results or not remains immaterial.
Mens rea/ The intent of the Crime
The mental element of the crime must have prevailed before the occurrence of the criminal act. The law requires the liability of the crime charged on the accused only if he/she is blameworthy; This is the reason that criminal law holds the doctrine “innocent until proven guilty” during criminal hearings at the court. When the person is conscious while committing/omitting the act i.e. if he/she is completely aware of what they are doing then such act, he/she is considered to be responsible for that act since he/she is deliberately defying the standard of conduct determined by the laws of the state.
Establishing the Elements of a Criminal Offense
Burden of proof
The principle of assuming the accused innocent until proven guilty relates to the fact that the burden of proof of all the elements of a crime lies on the prosecution and not on the accused/defendant. Accordingly, the prosecution must do the proving of the Actus reus. For example, the Actus reus of the crime of rape would be to establish that the accused has had intercourse with a person without their consent. Thus the prosecution will have to prove “beyond reasonable doubt” that the sexual intercourse took place, and that had happened without the consent of the victim. And on the second element of the Mens rea, the prosecution should be able to prove evidently that the accused had the intention to force himself on the victim.
Standard of Proof
Since the punishment for criminal offenses are severe, and could lead up to the death penalty, or life imprisonment, the court ensures that crime is established beyond all reasonable doubt. In other words, the verdict against the accused will not be passed unless that prosecution has established all the elements of the crime.
Defenses
This refers to the method which allows the accused/defendant to refute the charges made against him/her by the prosecution or to reduce the impact/severity of the crime committed. Some of the most known defenses found in criminal law would be the self-defense, insanity, consent, duress, and necessity. The rationale behind such defenses is thought to be based on moral claims; for example, it would be unjust to punish until the circumstances/reasons for the wrongful act, or understanding the defendant’s justification for the wrongful act is thoroughly understood before penalizing. The crimes conducted under undue duress or acts done for self-defense are considered to be acceptable defenses under criminal law.
Criminal Procedure
The process of charging, prosecuting and assigning punishments for criminal offenses is known as the criminal procedure. This procedure may vary from state to state, depending on the legislative enactment pertaining to the jurisdictions. The law which defines the crimes and the punishments are commonly known as the substantive law, since the laws which hold the Criminal Procedure falls under the category of procedural law. The criminal procedure code and the penal code of a country generally hold the all the provisions related to the criminal law of the state.
Reference:
Criminal Law. (n.d.) West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. (2008). Retrieved August 29, 2016 from here
Montaldo, C. (n.d.). Types of Criminal Offenses. Retrieved August 29, 2016, from here
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