Difference Between Cardiomyopathy and Congestive Cardiac Failure

May 2022 · 6 minute read

Key Difference – Cardiomyopathy vs Congestive Cardiac Failure
 

Congestive cardiac failure and cardiomyopathies are two extremely common conditions that are responsible for millions of cases of mortality and morbidity all around the world. Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that typically exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation. They are caused by a variety of factors that frequently are genetic. They are either confined to the heart or are part of generalized multi- system disorders, often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive cardiac failure related instability. The inability of the heart to pump blood at an adequate rate to meet the metabolic demands of the body is called the congestive cardiac failure. The key difference between cardiomyopathy and congestive cardiac failure is that congestive cardiac failure is actually a manifestation of the cardiomyopathies whose pathological changes disrupt the normal functioning of the heart.

CONTENTS

1. Overview and Key Difference
2. What is Cardiomyopathy
3. What is Congestive Cardiac Failure
4. Side by Side Comparison – Cardiomyopathy vs Congestive Cardiac Failure in Tabular Form
5. Summary

What is Cardiomyopathy?

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation.  They occur due to a variety of causes, typically due to genetics. They are either confined to the heart or are part of generalized multi- system disorders, often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive cardiac failure related instability.

Types of Cardiomyopathy

There are three main types of cardiomyopathies:

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

This type of cardiomyopathies is characterized by progressive cardiac dilatation and contractile (systolic) dysfunction, usually with concomitant hypertrophy.

Causes

Morphology

The heart is enlarged, flabby and heavy. The presence of mural thrombi is commonly observed. Histologic findings are non-specific.

Clinical Features

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

This is a genetic disorder characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, poorly compliant left ventricular myocardium, which leads to abnormal diastolic filling and intermittent ventricular outflow obstruction.

Morphology

Clinical Features

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

This is the least common type of cardiomyopathies and is characterized by a primary decrease in ventricular compliance, resulting in impaired ventricular filling during diastole.

Causes

What is Congestive Cardiac Failure?

Congestive cardiac failure is the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate adequate to meet the metabolic demands of the body.

With the progressive deterioration of the cardiac functions, several compensatory mechanisms are elicited in order to compensate for the lack of pumping ability of the heart. These mechanisms are

At the end stage disease, these compensatory mechanisms are also overwhelmed, putting the patients into a life -threatening condition.

Pathophysiology

Pressure overload                       Volume overload

   ↓                                         ↓

           Workload of the heart increases

Stress on the myocardium of the left ventricle increases

Activation of genes and protein synthesis

Weight and size of the heart increase

Coronary blood supply becomes inadequate

Ischemia to the cardiac muscles

Ischemic death of the cardiac muscles

              Cardiac failure

Key Difference - Cardiomyopathy vs Congestive Cardiac Failure

Figure 02: Signs and Symptoms of Cardiac Failure

Left- Sided Cardiac Failure

When a cardiac failure occurs due to the inefficient functioning of the left ventricle, it is known as a left- sided cardiac failure. In this situation, the left ventricle fails to generate enough force to distribute blood throughout the body. Consequently, blood accumulates in the left side chambers of the heart, eventually leading to pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension.

Causes

Morphology

Heart – morphological changes of the heart depend on the severity of the condition. Left ventricular hypertrophy is typically seen along with other changes such as myocardial infarcts. Areas of fibrosis can be observed under the light microscope.

Lungs – owing to the congestion of the pulmonary circulation, lungs are heavy, wet and edematous.

Clinical Features

Right- Sided Heart Failure

Most frequent cause of right sided heart failure is the left -sided heart failure. If right sided heart failure occurs as a result of any pathology in the lungs, it is called cor pulmonale.

Left sided – heart failure

Blood accumulates in the left ventricle and left atrium

      ↓

Stasis of blood in the pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension

Workload of the left ventricle increases

Morphological changes such as ventricular hypertrophy

Ischemic damages because of inadequate coronary blood supply

Right- sided heart failure

Morphological Changes

Heart – main change in the heart is the hypertrophy of the right ventricle

Liver and Portal System

Because of the congestion of the portal vessels, portal hypertension occurs, resulting in the enlargement of the liver which is known as the portal hepatomegaly.

Pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and peritoneal effusions also can be seen.

What is the Difference Between Cardiomyopathy and Congestive Cardiac Failure?

Cardiomyopathy vs Congestive Cardiac Failure

Cardiomyopathies are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation and are due to a variety of causes that frequently are genetic.The inability of the heart to pump blood at an adequate rate to meet the metabolic demands of the body is called the congestive cardiac failure.
Relationship
Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases giving rise to congestive cardiac failure.Congestive cardiac failure is a manifestation of pathological conditions affecting the heart.

Summary

The incidence of the diseases cardiomyopathy and congestive cardiac failure has dramatically increased within the last few decades. Sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, and stress are believed to be the main contributory factors for this. Doing exercises regularly and paying more attention to your health is therefore extremely important if you do not wish to have a sudden death.

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References:

Kumar, Vinay, Stanley Leonard Robbins, Ramzi S. Cotran, Abul K. Abbas, and Nelson Fausto. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Saunders, 2010. Print.

Image Courtesy:

1. “Major categories of cardiomyopathy” By Npatchett – Own work (CC BY-SA 4.0) via Commons Wikimedia
2. “Heart failure” By National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia

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